@joringis It took too long on my side to figure it out but now I know that this bug is specific to your system I did many tests with preset exports including names, thumbnails, descriptions, materials, models and maps, and still exporting models works best in another rhino launched in the background. Everything works fine I was able to export from v5 and render it on v8 without problems.
In your case, the issue lies in a corrupted registry, as RN relies on Rhino TypeLib registers from which it is able to run new Rhino instances on the system level and do the whole automation process during the export and .3dm file saving. So if those entries are missing then RN cannot instantiate remote Rhino in the background falling back to the DBNull library. According to this reinstalling/fixing the Rhino install should solve the case, plus I would be careful next time running "PC Cleaning" software as this is the most probable reason why you are missing those entries in the registry.